Will the Euro Survive free essay sample

In 2002, when euro notes and coins entered circulation, the dominant view among the 15 (now 23) member states using the currency was that it represented a big step toward ensuring peace and prosperity for the Continent. What people in individual European countries tended to overlook was that a single currency brings greater interference by members of the union in each state’s monetary, fiscal and political affairs. Tension over such intrusions, coming to the fore in the wake of sovereign debt crises in Greece, Ireland and elsewhere, casts serious doubt on the survival of the euro as the single currency for most of Europe. During the next few years, member states will do whatever they can to avoid a split because the practical inconveniences would be enormous. Weaker countries, such as Greece, would face a radical devaluation of their currency and essentially would have to close their fiscal borders to prevent a flight of money. We will write a custom essay sample on Will the Euro Survive or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Stronger nations, such as Germany, would suffer as well. The inevitable rise in a German-dominated currency would make exports — a cornerstone of the German economy — far less competitive on the world market. That’s why leaders of financially robust member nations will continue to support bailouts despite grumbling from their citizens about shouldering the lion’s share of the cost; it’s also why weaker nations, such as Greece and Ireland, will continue to accept austerity measures despite protests from their citizens about cuts in government services. But over the longer term, say, a decade or so, the survival of the euro in its current form will become much more problematic. In order for the bailouts to succeed and the single currency to remain viable, the productivity gap between weaker and stronger countries must close significantly. Yet during the past decade, technological advances and wage moderation have helped Germany widen the gap with southern Europe in terms of manufacturing unit labor costs, a standard measure of export competitiveness. Since 2001, when Greece locked in its exchange rate with the euro, its unit labor costs have increased by more than 240%, according to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, while Germany’s costs have risen less than 70%. Prior to the euro, weaker countries could make up for lower productivity with currency depreciation, which made their exports comparatively cheap on the international market. When everybody is being paid in euros, however, debtor nations must resort to starker alternatives: lower wages, higher taxes and a resulting drop in the standard of living. Consequently, countries such as Greece, Spain and Portugal will need major structural reforms if they are to succeed in making their industries more competitive. Such reforms, which may include pushing back the retirement age and deregulating labor markets, are accompanied by serious political costs, especially if populations feel the policies are being imposed from the outside. An eventual split in the euro ultimately might be the best thing for all concerned. One possibility is for the stronger economic countries to keep the euro while the weaker ones go their own way. After the initial shocks, the monetary balance would probably return to its pre-euro state, with countries such as Greece and Portugal making up for their lower productivity through currency depreciation and cheaper exports. It’s important not to mistake the end of the euro as a single currency with the end of the European Union. Member nations’ commitment to the EU is unshakable; they see it as essential in maintaining peace on the Continent and in representing European interests and values around the world. The euro, on the other hand, could simply go down as a grand dream that eventually ran into the wall of economic reality. COUNTERPOINT GRAHAM BISHOP, an economic consultant specializing in european financial markets and former adviser on european financial affairs at citigroup in London Amid a serious and worsening European debt crisis, the euro this year is likely to face the greatest challenges to its survival since the inception of the unified currency a decade ago. The eurozone’s collective decision to offer massive support to Greece in 2010 was merely a prelude to what lies ahead — with no fewer than six states (Greece, Ireland, Spain, Portugal, Italy and Belgium) now deemed at risk of defaulting on their obligations and thus probably needing new infusions of eurozone assistance. Yet most eurozone leaders seem not to have realized the magnitude of the challenges ahead — or to have grasped the consequences of failure. Consider, for example, the likely result if the financially stronger European states offer anything less than full financial commitment to euro preservation by continuing to help the weaker states. In June 2010, banks in Austria, France, Germany and the Netherlands had nearly one-quarter of their overall loans tied up in those weaker economies. Should the countries drop the euro and default on those loans, worth an estimated â‚ ¬1. 9 trillion, the impact would be catastrophic for both the banks and their home countries. And what of the countries that desert the euro and attempt to reinstate their old currencies? Those currencies inevitably would face rapid, severe devaluation. If Greeks, for example, caught wind of such a change, fearing the disastrous consequences of a return to the drachma on their personal accounts, they would naturally transfer their assets to Germany or another eurozone state. Try as Greece might to close its economic borders, this flight of capital, made simple and inexpensive by technology and the euro, would be almost impossible to prevent. The result would be an immediate liquidity crisis crippling those countries’ banking systems. For all of its troubles, the euro — and a financial system that enables its daily use by 330 million people — is a major component of the region’s single market, which lets residents purchase goods and services seamlessly across borders. Though some observers contend that European unity could survive a split in the currency, it’s more likely that any sense of political oneness would be destroyed amid waves of recriminations over ruined economies Preserving that essential system won’t be easy, but clearly this is not a time for timid solutions. By the end of this year, the eurozone is likely to emerge as a distinct political federation that, at its heart, has tightly centralized economic governance. For example, because taxes are such a vital revenue resource for any state, it is probable that there will be moves toward a single set of accounting standards to promote tax harmonization from country to country — a major step toward implementing a more centralized European financial authority. Another likely step will be the arrival of Europe-wide government bonds in 2011. Issued by the European Financial Stability Facility and backed by the authority and control of a combined Europe, these bonds would begin to replace the patchwork of risky singlecountry bonds and add greater stability to the European debt system. Steps toward greater economic governance of the entire eurozone by central authorities may also include the power to assess the fiscal policies of individual member states, mandate budget and spending changes as needed, and issue sanctions for failing to comply. These changes will inevitably be contentious and difficult, but they will also bring needed stability and uniformity to the European economic system. In the end the euro will survive, not because the choices are easy or the road smooth, but because it must. One leader who does seem to understand the urgency of this issue is President Nicolas Sarkozy of France, who noted recently that â€Å"the end of the euro would be the end of Europe. † His warning hardly seems overstated.

Urban Villagers by Herbert J Gans essays

Urban Villagers by Herbert J Gans essays Boston's West End is the most well documented neighborhood destroyed by urban "renewal," made famous initially by Herbert Gans's book, The Urban Villagers, 1962. Although approximately 63 percent of the families displaced by urban renewal were African-American or Hispanic, this Boston community was mainly inhabited by working class Italians. It was a little piece of Italy, with narrow winding streets alive with urban social life. Too crowded and unAmerican for the middle class tastes of City planners, it fell to the bulldozer in 1959 and was replaced by high rise, expensive apartment buildings. It is difficult for me to isolate the impact of *URBAN VILLAGERS*. In my experience it was but one contribution to growing criticism of urban renewal in the early 1960s and, with that, the physical orientation of urban planning that urban renewal represented. Shortly after it was published I was both a writing my dissertation in urban geography at Clark University and a project director in urban renewal, so I witnessed the impact in both urban renewal planning circles and in the more academic arena. It was part of the drum of criticism that led to the 1966 Model Cities Act and the redefinition of urban renewal and rethinking of the field of urban planning. I think the impact of the *URBAN VILLAGERS* might best evaluated as part of a creeping barrage of critical writing led off by Jacobs and *Death and Life . . .* in 1961. *Urban Villagers* was published in '63 and Martin Anderson weighed in from the right in '64 with *The Federal Bulldozer*. At the same time planners such as Paul Davidoff ("Advocacy and Pluralism in Planning" JAIP, 1965) were mounting a critique within the field of planning. (Jay Stein's *Classic Readings in Urban Planning* 1995 includes some writing from this period.) In 1965, ...

An Overview Of Meningitis

An Overview Of Meningitis Meningitis is swelling and inflammation of the protective membranes that cover brain and spinal cord. Depending on the duration of symptoms, meningitis may be classified as acute or chronic. Acute meningitis denotes the evolution of symptoms within hours to several days, while chronic meningitis has an onset and duration of weeks to months. Meningitis is mainly caused by infection with viruses, several different types of bacteria, or sometimes by a fungus, and less commonly by certain drugs. Meningitis can be life-threatening because of the inflammation’s proximity to the brain and spinal cord. All types of meningitis tend to cause symptoms that include fever, headache and stiff neck. Knowing whether meningitis is caused by a virus or bacterium is important because the severity of illness and the treatment differ depending on the cause. Viral meningitis, the most common form of meningitis, is less severe than bacterial meningitis. Bacterial meningitis is usually more serious than viral meningitis and is sometimes fatal, particularly in infants and the elderly. Bacterial meningitis is a major cause of death and disability world-wide. [1] b. The etiology and risk factors Meningitis is usually caused by infection from viruses or micro-organisms. Most cases are due to infection with viruses, with bacteria, fungi, and parasites being the next most common causes. It may also result from various non-infectious causes. The etiology of bacterial meningitis varies by age group and region of the world. Worldwide, without epidemics one million cases of bacterial meningitis are estimated to occur and 200,000 of these die annually. [1] Before antibiotics were widely used, 70 percent or more of bacterial meningitis cases were fatal; with antibiotic treatment, the fatality rate has dropped to 15 percent or less. Bacterial meningitis is most common in the winter and spring. Beyond the perinatal period, three organisms, transmitted from person to person through the excha nge of respiratory secretions, are responsible for most cases of bacterial meningitis: Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Bacterial meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis bacteria (meningococcal disease) can be fatal and should always be viewed as a medical emergency. About 10% of infected people die from the disease. [5] In non-fatal cases, those affected experience long-term disabilities, such as brain damage, loss of limb, or deafness. Preventing the disease through the use of meningococcal vaccine is important. Although anyone can get meningitis, pre-teens and adolescents, college freshmen who live in dormitories and travelers to countries where meningitis is always present are at an increased risk for meningococcal disease. Before the availability of effective vaccines, bacterial meningitis was most commonly diagnosed in young children. Now, as a result of the protection offered by current childhood vaccines, bacterial meningitis is more commonly diagnosed among pre-teens and young adults. As children reach their pre-teen and adolescent years, protection provided by some childhood vaccines can begin to wear off. As a result, pre-teens and adolescents are at a greater risk for catching certain diseases. Introducing vaccinations during the pre-teen years increases the level of protection during adolescence. College freshmen, especially those who live in dormitories, are at a slightly increased risk for bacterial meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis bacteria (meningococcal disease) compared with other persons of the same age. vaccination against bacterial meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis bacteria (meningococcal disease) is recommended to persons who travel to or reside in countries in which the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis is hyperendemic or epidemic, particularly if contact with the local population will be prolonged.

Democratization in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Democratization in America - Essay Example One had to either be a land proprietor or had a means to pay tax in order to vote. The voting system was not attractive either, there was no use of papers or ballots, likewise features like campaigning for that leadership were not present. Voting was done through shouting or word of mouth. This later came to change in most states. 1830 to 1840 was a period that most states gave permission to whites to vote, so long as they paid taxes and had at one time involved themselves in the militia. When the political atmosphere started getting better most states gave full rights to the whites to vote and by civil war, only one start had the old system. The civil life of the people has not always been the same. Analysis can take place from the 18th century to 21st century courtesy of Michael Schudson in the book, the good citizen. A flash to 18th presents to us a society that was more involved in politics and political knowledge than ever before. During this time, the people had perfected the art of defying leadership and rules of the elites (Schudson, 230-236). In the 19thcentury, politics was at its best, but the people were involved in a more vigorous central role. It was a period that had strong organizations with political undertones. The local organizations focused on attracting the masses through huge meetings that had the characteristics of rewards and entertainment just to attract the masses to buy into the agenda of a party. Politics at this period was not ideology inclusive but popularity has driven (Schudson, 141-142). At the end of the 19th century looking into the beginning of 20th century, the state of things evolved further, this period had moved away from partisan politics that had earlier resigned. These times had two states of affairs, one known as the dominant model and the other as non-dominant. The former harboured reforms, efficiency in management, in-partism in the fourth estate, and a government expertise while the latter harboured and advocated for a citizenry participative approach to the making of policy and political involvement.  Ã‚  

Cooperative Learning Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cooperative Learning - Research Proposal Example This may be due to the fact of clashing personalities and possession of strong ideas that may be hard to reconcile with others. In this regard, cooperation is hailed as a fundamental concern, not only of the educators but also in both local and global organization perspectives (Slavin, R. et al., 1985) The purpose of this paper is to present and exemplify some possible solutions that address to the emerging problem in the aspect of cooperation, as well as to cite possible ways in order to enhance the so-called cooperative learning among members of a team, group, an organization, or the stakeholders in general. "We are intelligent, but an intelligent human alone in the forest would not survive for long" (Slavin, 1985, p. 5). This quoted line from Robert E. Slavin (1985) exemplified the essence of cooperation with other individuals living in the society. In this manner, there must be a need to develop one's skills to cooperate and socialize with other human beings. Nevertheless, conflicts are also inevitable in due course of human group interaction. This may be due to the individual characteristics that could affect group interaction.

HR Employee Development & Workplace Learning Essay Example for Free

HR Employee Development Workplace Learning Essay Human resource development and knowledge is extremely essential for the success of an organization because HRD reflects upon the objectives and goals of the business which can be achieved through proper human resource planning and management activities and also through implementing the most effective human resource learning theories such as behaviorism theory and situated theory of learning which enhances the skills and talents of the employees to a great extent. (Allan, C. Greg J. Bamber, Nils Timo.. , 2006). It is extremely important for all organizations and managers to acknowledge the fact that the highly competitive business environment of today’s world mainly focuses upon the efficient use of human resources through learning and training them so that they can produce the maximum in a given time rate. Therefore, managers should clearly understand that they need to concentrate all their efforts into obtaining the best from their human resources. Butteriss,M. , 1998). Human resource development and management has always been a topic of discussion. Companies over many decades have tried to understand the complexities of human resource management and many researchers, analyst and great managers have come up with various theories and ideas to deal with this issue. (John B. P, 2009). To go forward with the discussion of HR development, we should first of all clearly understand what appropriate human resources are. Appropriate human resources refer to the individuals within the organization who make a valuable contribution to management system goal attainment. Research into this matter has proven that production in all businesses is accomplished by effective human resource interaction and combination of human resource management and theories. (Sheehan, C. , Peter Holland, Helen De Cieri. , 2006). Research has proven that if employee management and performance management (appraisal) works side by side then no problem can stop the organization from going towards success. For example, if through employee training and learning and training theories, the performance and output of the worker is evaluated then that knowledge regarding the workers performance can help the organization in giving bonuses and rewards to the worker for his dedication, motivation and hard work. (Bray, M. and Peter Waring. , 2006). For instance, a worker’s performance is checked through the performance appraisal system and it proves that the worker is very efficient and hardworking, then that worker can be awarded rewards and bonus for his efficiency and effectiveness. Peetz, D. , 2005) Extensive research into this matter has also proven that if organizations only focus on building and training their employees and do not focus on any program of performance check or management then these organizations will not be able to achieve effective results in the long run. This is because employees need to be constantly checked in order to find out whether they are working with dedi cation and motivation or whether their skills have become outdated or not. Leaving employees totally on their own can lead to disastrous effects. Performance management has become extremely popular in the recent years because its worth and value has been recognized by most organizations nowadays. Human resource managers now clearly understand that without appraising the performance of their workforce they can never find out how productive and effective their workforce is. Moreover, performance appraisal also allows the organization to give bonuses to their employees for good performance and to motivate them more for the future. Research shows that due to performance appraisals nowadays employees are dealt with strictly when they come late to work on a regular basis. Therefore, performance appraisal immediately makes the employees more efficient and effective and ends any kind of laid back behavior that they already had towards their work. (Mamman, A. and Christopher J Rees. , 2005) HR Management and development comprises of not only employee training but it consists of a broader aspect of employee development, learning and education. Through research, it has been found that the employees who have obtained extensive training, learning and development education are the most efficient and effective ones to work in today’s highly competitive business environment HR management basically tries to build the skills and work tasks of the employees so that they can give maximum success and productivity to the organization for which they work. (Ghai, D. ; Hewitt, C. , 1994) Research proves that the accuracy and fairness of the performance appraisal of employees keeps changing every now and then because the role of HR management itself is continuously changing all over the world due to a multiple reasons. (Hicks, N. L. ,1993) Furthermore, the recent crisis the world is facing namely, the War on Terror, has greatly affected the financial condition of the economy of the world due to which oil prices have increased, unemployment has increased, corruption has risen, privatization and consumerism has taken place and all these policies have had a very strong impact upon HRD as it changes to reduce employee stress. Freeman, C. ; Soete, L. , 1993). There are many theories given by a lot of renowned scholars on various issues of HR Management. Two of them are Behaviorism Theory and the other is the Situated Theory. These two theories play a major role in enhancing a trainer’s understanding of the learning process. The Theory of behaviourism is useful for the development of competencies and also for exhibiting technical skills. This is a learning theory and is most advantageous when a change in behavior of a worker is desired. This theory is really helpful for all the major organizations in the world as it plays an important role in judging the attitudes of the employees. Behaviourism is actually a model of training for employees. The systematic training designs, training objectives, computer or electronically device based learning, and also competencies are all a major part of behaviorist learning theory. There are few assumptions related to this learning theory which are to be given importance in order to implement it in an organization.

Lord of the Flies: Irony :: Free Essay Writer

Lord of the Flies: Irony William Golding, the author of Lord of the Flies, used irony to tell his story of a group of young British boys stranded on a deserted island. The readers can clearly spot the irony in the dialogue and Ralph, one of the main character, is also aware of the irony in his situation. The irony in the novel forces the readers to step aside and think about the hidden meanings the author is trying to express. The first example of irony occurred in chapter two. Jack says to the group of young, impressionable boys that "We’ve got to have rules and obey them. After all, we’re not savages."(Golding 32)However, in the following chapters Jack is the leader of the tribe and encourages the boys to forget civilization and act upon their primitive instincts. They ignore the laws that they all have agreed to follow while on the island and commit heinous crimes against humanity, such as torture against both humans and animals, and murder. They no longer act like English schoolboys who are the best at everything, but like savages. Relatively early on in the novel Ralph comes to terms with his situation. He realizes that much of one’s life is spent just keeping out of danger and staying alive. After understanding the complex, yet realistic, view of life he remembers his first impression of the island and how he thought they would have fun on the island, like living in one of his books. Now he realized what life on the island would really be like. There is irony in Piggy’ s name. The boys hunt, kill and eat pigs on the island. Not only do they kill the pigs, they enjoy it tremendously. Piggy’ s name suggests that he will be a victim of the beast. Not the beast the boys on the island fear, but the beast within each of them. The author is saying through Piggy that because they kill and eat the pigs they become the beast. Ralph prays to the adult world to send them something grownup, a sign or something. His prayer is answered by a dead parachuter, a casualty of war from the fighting going on in civilized society. The dead man is powerless to help the boys. He actually causes more problems. He is mistaken for the beast and causes more fear in the boys and drives them closer to becoming savages.

Betrayal Hypothetical

In addition, I will discuss this as it retains to utilitarianism, egoism, and Interpretations of the â€Å"Golden Rule† from Hinduism, Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, and Confucianism. I will also discuss the results by the application to the facts and consider the questions: Was It right for you to forge your client's signature on the register? Would your answer be the same if the client was your child, spouse, or parent? And communicate the positive and negative outcomes of each solution. For me, the level of my relationship with Jane would determine my action.This along with social capital would establish Lorraine of risk, along with accepting Cane's story as the undeniable truth. Social capital Is a reflection of value Invested In a relationship. Tolerance. Com defines Social Capital as: An economic idea that refers to the connections between individuals and entities that can be economically valuable. Social networks that include people who trust and assist each ot her can be a powerful asset. These relationships between individuals and firms can lead to a state in which each will think of the other when something needs to be done.Along with economic capital, social capital is a valuable mechanism In economic growth. Networking Guru Ivan Imines relationships are divided into 3 levels: visibility, creditability, and profitability (PVC Process). In this model relationships are taken through a sequential process begin at visibility, establishment of creditability and development into profitability. Evidence of this type of relationship can be found with Dry Conrad Murray and Michael Jackson and Arthur Anderson and Enron.In both situations social capital along with fear of loss Influenced the Judgment of the reflections and lead to a willingness to bend rules and break laws. This economic idea coexists with the psychological concept of rule of reciprocity and its spiritual counterpart â€Å"the golden rule†. The rule of reciprocity refers t o responding to a positive action with another positive action, in other words rewarding kindness with kindness. This is highly used in advertising along with sales training course.In advertising and sales we are taught that If we can give an Individual something of value, they feel morally obligated to return something of value. The â€Å"golden rule† as fined in Christian theology is â€Å"do unto others as you would have them do unto you†. This can also be found universally in theology around the world. In eastern philosophy the â€Å"golden rule† is known as karma. Egoism believes that human beings by nature are self-fish. In the case of Jane if I applied egoism it would be in my best interest to not break the law to assist the client. To come to this conclusion I did a cost/benefit analysis of the situation.The cost of forging the document Is potentially addition, if I am caught the client my still be punished. The benefit of forging the document is that an innocent person would not potentially receive the death penalty. In the philosophy of utilitarianism I would need to consider my moral obligation to Jane. IT would be my duty to do everything â€Å"legally' within my power to keep her from being found guilty. In this instance I would need to find an alternative solution because forging and document and lying about it is illegal. If the client was a child, spouse, or parent I would feel different about forging the document.

Male Character Essay

Masculine roles have effective power in recent movies. In the chapter, the author who is Kenneth Mackinnon talks about ‘masculinity in movies’ by variety ways. He not only considers about the different kinds of movie genres, individual movies and those male movie stars in general, but also introduces the hard body and soft body contrastively for audience. Moreover, Mackinnon mentions about the disadvantages of masculinity in the films and provides three recent illustrations in 2000 to answer the questions of masculinity clearly. The evidence which author selected is widespread but all come from the main idea of masculinity such as technological advances, the homoeroticism and heterosexuals, the feminism and masculinity and even the culture and history about masculinity in movies. At the beginning of the chapter, Mackinnon introduces the different genres about masculinity in movies by using lots of examples. There are variety of movie types such as action genres, bond movies, westerns, war films, slasher movies, sports movies and something else. One of the most important types is action movie. As Mackinnon said, action movie is †a version of heroism was promoted in these movies that depended on visual evidence of physical strength and might. †(P294) For this reason, the publishers pay much money to superstars in order to get the extraordinary effects in action films. For example, Sylvester Stallone in ‘make rampage’ movie. Similarly, bond movie, as an action series, depicted a new type of masculinity, which found in †Gentleman Chivalry† from 1962 to the present. The kind of movie continues to execute the heroism, which is popular among audience. For instance, the famous identities of 007 are James Bond and his ‘bond girl’. However, there is too much â€Å"technological excess† and special effects in recent years. That’s captured audience’s attention negatively. The author has also stated the westerns, which are â€Å"the supreme genre for the depiction of traditional, laconic, dominating masculinity. † (P297)The protagonists are usually cowboys in Hollywood film. The consequence of those boys usually be alone. Moreover, western movie allows violence, homosociality and â€Å"evasion of domestication†. The author’s opinion of masculinity in sports movies is that they provide a kind of lifestyle, which is a pure physical machismo for audience. In other words, it is â€Å"a highly stylized version of traditional masculinity†(P300) people have chance to watch a â€Å"natural† masculinity in sports movie. (i. e. Field of Dreams). Another genre has been mentioned is comedy. It’s a different side of masculinity. Comedy always shows audience the irony of traditional masculinity, especially in vulnerable side. They focused more on conflicts from fatherhood rather than motherhood. In order to understand the masculinity movie deeply, the author selected a few individual movies such as Born on the Fourth of July, Dead Ringers, The Crying Game and The Full Monty. The protagonist of Born on the Fourth of July is Don Kunz who acts as a â€Å"heroic masculine ideal† in the movie. He thinks winning is the most important thing. â€Å"to win, others must be losers†(p304)make him full of physical strength. He is a typical figure of masculine in movie. Male stars are also an important factor for masculinity movie, because female audience, even some of male audience will follow the movie stars. In the chapter, Mackinnon introduce male stars such as Warren Beatty, Clint Eastwood and Charles Bronson. Furthermore the author has talk about hard body and soft body. ( ) Everything has two sides. Masculinity movie also has some problems. One of the disadvantages is insistent heterosexuality. In the past, masculinity means the opposite of femininity. However, people focus on â€Å"make guy men nurturing and domesticated† (p310)in nowadays. In other word, Reference Kenneth Mackinnon (2003). Masculinity in Movies. In Gary McCarron (Third. ) Introduction to Communication Studies (pp. 294-315) Canada: Pearson Custom Publishing.

Roman Republics 3 Branches of Government

Roman Republic's 3 Branches of Government From the Founding of Rome in c. 753 B.C. to c. 509 B.C., it  was a monarchy, ruled by kings. In 509 (possibly), the Romans expelled their Etruscan kings and established the Roman Republic. Having witnessed the problems of the monarchy on their own land, and aristocracy and democracy among the Greeks, the Romans opted for a mixed form of government, with 3 branches. Consuls - the Monarchical Branch Two magistrates called consuls carried on the functions of the former kings, holding supreme civil and military authority in Republican Rome. However, unlike the kings, the office of consul lasted for only one year. At the end of their year in office, the ex-consuls became senators for life, unless ousted by the censors. Powers of the Consuls: Consuls held imperium and had the right to 12 lictors each.Each consul could veto the other.They led the army,Served as judges, andRepresented Rome in foreign affairs.Consuls presided over the comitia centuriata. Consulship Safeguards The 1-year term, veto, and co-consulship were safeguards to prevent one of the consuls from wielding too much power. Emergency Contingency: In times of war a single dictator could be appointed for a 6-month term. Senate - the Aristocratic Branch Senate (senatus council of elders, related to the word senior) was the advisory branch of the Roman government, early on composed of about 300 citizens who served for life. They were chosen by the kings, at first, then by the consuls, and by the end of the 4th century, by the censors. The ranks of the Senate, drawn from ex-consuls and other officers. Property requirements changed with the era. At first, senators were only patricians but in time plebeians joined their ranks. Assembly - the Democratic Branch The Assembly of Centuries (comitia centuriata), which was composed of all members of the army, elected consuls annually. The Assembly of Tribes (comitia tributa), composed of all citizens, approved or rejected laws and decided issues of war and peace. Dictators Sometimes dictators were at the head of the Roman Republic. Between 501-202 B.C. there were 85 such appointments. Normally, dictators served for 6 months and acted with the consent of the Senate. They were appointed by the consul or a military tribune with consular powers. The occasions of their appointment included war, sedition, pestilence, and sometimes for religious reasons. Dictator for Life Sulla was appointed dictator for an undefined period and was dictator until he stepped down, but Julius Caesar was officially appointed dictator in perpetuo meaning that there was no set end point to his dominance. References Religious Dictators of the Roman RepublicArthur KaplanThe Classical World, Vol. 67, No. 3 (Dec. 1973 - Jan. 1974), pp. 172-175Pennells History of Rome

Global economy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Global economy - Assignment Example Secondly, more information on the advantages and disadvantages of the race to the bottom needs to be incorporated. Thirdly, although the history of the concept has been given, this discussion is brief. More information needs to be added to make the reader fully understand the history of race to the bottom and how several scholars and researchers have defined it. Finally, the article needs to discuss deeply how international bodies such IMF and WTO have contributed and/or hindered the race to the bottom. The concepts covered in class and those relating to globalization have been partially incorporated in the article. For example, some of the key concepts covered include: free trade, working conditions, competition and the environment have been included. However, there are other critical elements that need to be deeply explored. For instance, one of the core components of globalization that is related to the race to the bottom is international trade. This is not explored in the article. Furthermore, the article needs to link race to bottom to concepts such as contagion, international financial institutions and foreign direct

Marketing Prodcts Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marketing Prodcts - Research Paper Example This paper seeks to discuss the farm product and the service component produced by Holden Trucking Services. Type of product Holden trucking services produces Barley. Barley is a healthy cereal grain high in fiber, protein, maltose and sugar that alternatively can be used for malt syrup sweetener. Fermented, barley makes the perfect ingredient for beer and various alcoholic beverages. It also has a nutlike flavor, chewy texture and is similar to wheat berries though its color it slightly lighter. Barley has varied functions; it can be used for nutritional purposes, as an ingredient in making beer and as feeds for farm animals. Barley has a robust nutritional benefit to consumers. According to research, barley’s soluble fiber lowers the risk of getting coronary heart diseases and reduces cholesterol levels; also it contains insoluble fiber responsible for minimizing the risk of diabetes type 2 and colon cancer. It grows to about 30 inches high in dry subtropical regions experie ncing cool growing and short seasons. The crop is resistant to diseases compared to other cereals; however, sometimes it is attacked by diseases like rust and virus diseases. Service components There are various reasons why addition of services enhances growth opportunities and high profit margins. Innovations and improvements in service normally results in more loyalty, and increased customer satisfaction eventually impacting in higher profits, cost of sales lowered and attracting potential customers. Documentation as a service is a language that goes with or accompanies a product. It often shows its design, development and marketing strategy in clear terms. Documentation will indicate how to improve products and reveal loop holes in sales funnel, which would have eluded the seller. It is also able to put the seller into contact with prospective customers and investors (Blythe, 2006). Another service is transportation/logistics. This is the process of getting products to its intend ed destination. There are many phases involved; there is transporting the product from the firm to the storage facilities the other getting the product to the customer. Luckily, Holden trucking services happens to be in the said service meaning that transportation costs will be lower compared to if the service was outsourced This will ensure that the produce will reach the intended customer on time (Grewal & Levy, 2010). Storage is another service equally important. It allows the seller to store product when it is not needed and helps to avail the items when demand is bigger than the immediate creation bearing in mind that it is a seasonal product. Barley is stored in refrigerated warehouses since it can easily go bad if left in normal warehouses. Packaging, blending and branding plays a crucial role in marketing a product. It not only attracts the customer to try out ones product but also protects the product from damage. Also, packaging assists in portraying information and direct ions about the product. Packaging again is used also to differentiate one brand from another (Blythe, 2006). Expansion to a product line This involves changing product into different forms to meet varied business opportunities and attract more customers. Barley can be used to produce different products thereby creating a product line. Barley has various uses some of them being nutritional as animal feeds and as an ingredient in making beer and alcoholic drinks. As a